From: habarakhe4
Date: Mon Jan 20 2003 - 10:39:36 EST
Verb
There is a broad division into two classes of verb:
active/transitive and stative
Active/Transitive
These have an invariable stem and personal prefixes as subject
markers:
Sg
1 e
2 'y
3 i
pl.
1 (incl) nu
1 (excl) nuvi
2 u
3 i
A subgroup (verbal roots that begin with a vowel) adds j to the
personal prefix (ej, 'yj, ij, nuj, nuvij, uj, ij).
e.vareje `I walk (vareje)'
'y.vareje `you walk'
Tense markers are added: bah (past), hy'yj (future);
e.g. 'y.hateje.bah `you did', 'y.hateje.hy'yj `you will do'. There
is also a continuative form hehi_n (<PNWR se(n)sim):
e.hateje.hehi_n `I am doing'
Objective Pronouns: first and second person forms precede the verb,
third person forms follow: e.g. 'y me.uvije `you meet (uvije) me';
ly 'e.uvije `he meets you'; ej e.uvije ibar `I meet them'.
Stative
These are forms in which the independent pronoun precedes an
adjectival or nominal stem: ej murv `I am sick'; 'y murv `you are
sick'.
Both types of verb are negated by means of nu'o…ne;
nu'o.ej.uweje.ne `I don't wait'. The imperative is negated by nuwi…
ne.
There are, of course, numerous secondary tenses, e.g., a perfect
with aveje; e.hateje aveje `I have done'; and a second future in –
wydyje; e.hateje.wydyje `I shall do'.
A continuative is made with ej (< PNWR ens); ej.ereje ej.ej `I am
eating'; lyj.ereje lyj.ej `He is eating'.
NWR has to verbs meaning `to be'. (a) e.taje `I am at/in a place'
(b) ej.ehe `I am (+adverb)'. There is no copula; `I am' + adjective
or noun = juxtaposition: e.g., ej heniw `I am old'. Nouns may be
marked for tense: -etejn `past', -ejn `future'; -bejado `expected
and unfulfilled': jej.etejn `who was king'; jej.ejn `who will be
king'; jej.bejado `who was expected to become king but did not'.
Nominals marked for tense can be made from verbal roots with the
particle kir: kir.uweje.rie_n `that which is desired';
kir.uweje.awva_n `that which was desired'; kir.uweje.epej `what will
be desired'.
Relative Clause
-i_n: the referent is the subject or direct object of the relative
clause: e.g., id umin ej runaje.i_n ivi `the man to whom I give'; id
upir enije.ari_n.Nu `the village from which I came'.
Other suffixes:
-uweje Desiderative
nu.ireje.uweje `we want to see'
-budeje `be able to'
'yj.wukeje.budeje `you can speak'
-wite' conditional tense in relative clauses
'yj.emeje.uweje.wite' huw id tah `if you want to buy (emeje) cheese
(id tah)'
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